![]() ![]() ![]() Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.īeginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its "mind-only" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas-especially beliefs and values-shape society. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. The 20th-century British scientist Sir James Jeans wrote that "the Universe begins to look more like a great thought than like a great machine" ![]() For other uses, see Idealism (disambiguation). This article is about the philosophical notion of idealism. ![]()
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